Kurdish are 1 kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of kurds in turkey, syria, armenia, and azerbaijan, the area designated by kurdish nationalists as north kurdistan, with an estimated. Westernzagros resources has announced that an agreement has been reached with its major shareholder, crest. The iraqi kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars and rebellions by the kurds against the central authority of iraq during the 20th century, which began shortly after the defeat of the ottoman empire in world war i and lasting until the u. Challenges and opportunities overview find, read and cite all the research you need on. Regional implications of an independent kurdistan rand. In turn, these are strongly influenced by its history, both recent and more distant. The new government will build a strong and outwardlooking kurdistan. The kurds in postsaddam iraq federation of american. To conduct a unification successfully, understanding the current system in place is necessary. Kurdistan region of iraq caught between turkeypkk conflict. The new kurdistan regional government will create a stronger, diversified economy that delivers more prosperity for everyone. The kurdistan regional governments krg peshmerga military forces detained the men, both foreign and iraqi, in a school in sahil almaliha, a village 70 kilometers northwest of mosul.
Many skilled health workers have moved to other countries, and young graduates continue to leave. Compared to the rest of iraq, or indeed, to some other countries. After the fall of saddam husseins regime in 2003, iraqi kurds, now governed by the kurdistan regional government. National development plans call for a realignment of the health system with primary health care as the.
After decades of war, sanctions, and occupation, iraq s health services are struggling to regain lost momentum. Iraqi kurdish leaders wish to unravel their ties with iraq, and. Iraqi kurdistan simple english wikipedia, the free. Pdf transecting security and space in kurdistan, iraq. Department of geography, soran university, kurdistan region, iraq email. For more information on business opportunities in the kurdistan region of iraq, please visit. Security situation in baghdad, southern governorates and the kurdistan region of iraq kri armed conflict april 2015 pdf iraq. The kurdishinhabited region of northern iraq has been relatively peaceful and prosperous since the fall of saddam hussein. In march 2009, i traveled to erbil, the capital of iraqi kurdistan, and consulted with the kurdish regional parliaments. The united states, turkey, and the kurdish regions akp. Recommendations are offered to the kurdistan regional government krg, the government of iraq goi, and other members of the international community. Regional autonomy had originally been established in 1970 with the creation of the kurdish autonomous region following the agreement of an autonomy accord between the government of iraq and leaders of the iraqi kurdish community. Kurdistan region of iraq caught between turkeypkk conflict the kurdistan regional government in northern iraq tries to maintain stability in wartorn region. But as a student of history and geography, my time in kurdistan.
Iraq s kurds have been making waves both domestically and internationally recently. Pdf the paradiplomacy of the kurdistan region in iraq. A new model of statehood and its status in international law compared to the kurdistan regional government krg in iraqerratum. Pdf revisiting civilmilitary relations theory a case. The iraqi military launched a successful attack against the kurdish city of erbil in 1996 and engaged in a consistent policy of ethnic cleansing in areas directly under its controlparticularly in and around the oilrich city. The report is based on approved minutes from meetings with carefully selected sources. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by mahmud barzanji to establish an. Despite not having achieved statehood, the kurdistan regional government krg in iraq has been increasingly active in the international arena since the founding of its department of foreign relations in 2005.
In september, the 2017 kurdistan region independence referendum was held regarding kurdish independence from iraq. A new model of statehood and its status in international law compared to the kurdistan regional government krg in iraq loqman radpey department of public and international law, faculty of law and political science, university of tehran, tehran, iran l. Since 2003, it has had its own government kurdish regional government and military who have done a great job at defending their borders from isis. Other articles where kurdistan region is discussed. The fallout continues to settle after iraqi kurdistans fraught independence referendum one year ago. Despite huge iraqi, regional and international opposition, masoud barzani, then president of the kurdistan region of iraq kri, went ahead with an independence. Through the implementation of the recommendations in this paper, kurdish english language learners can attain access to higher quality english language programs in the kurdistan region of iraq. Irak temanotatreisedokumenterogandreiddokumenteroppdatering11042018. Ministry of planning kurdistan regional government. Despite iraqi kurdistans broad autonomy, the federal government retains exclusive powers, in particular in foreign policy and the distribution of oil revenues. The council also works closely with the kurdistan regional government and private businesses in the kurdistan region to ensure that foreign investment reinforces the already enormous economic opportunities there. The governments mission kurdistan regional government. Kurdish holds official status in iraq as a national language alongside arabic, is recognized in iran as a regional language, and in armenia as a minority language. Iraqs 2005 constitution recognises an autonomous kurdistan region in the north of the country, run by the kurdistan regional government.
The kurdish regional government krg of iraq intends to unify and institutionalize its politicallydivided, partybased military. However, the united states spearheaded negotiations that culminated in a september 1998 washington declaration between the two parties. Despite baghdads unwavering insistence that the kurdistan region will remain a part of iraq, the central governments ability to prevent the kurds from gaining independence may be limited. An independence referendum for kurdistan region of iraq was held on 25 september 2017, with preliminary results showing approximately 93. Pdf kurdish regional selfrule administration in syria. A legislative assembly was established and erbil became the capital of the new entity which lay in northern iraq. Since the withdrawal of the syrian presidents forces from the ethnically kurdish areas in the. The fleeting moment of relief after the liberation of mosul was rather shortlived for the. We remained vigilant and resilient, and in the 2003 operation iraqi freedom, our official armed forces, the peshmerga, contributed to the coalition effort to liberate iraq. In major reversal, iraqi kurds offer to freeze their. Above all, it will dedicate itself to serving the people of this region. Unraveling the oil geopolitics intertwined in the kurdish. The most urgent recommendations are included in this summary. In spite of much rebuilding, health infrastructure is not fully restored.
Iraqi kurdistan, also known as northern iraq, is an autonomous region in the north of iraq. The statement from the kurdish regional government, published by the kurdish news site rudaw, essentially offers to stop pursuing independence for now. The kurdish regional authority effectively split into kdp and puk entities. A vision for the future iii the kurdistan region of iraq has achieved dramatic development in the past decade. Not adding technical complexity to analog organizations but changing the backend operation as well as service delivery utilizing digital technologies. Since 2004, emboldened by the iraqi kurds, who now have established an autonomous kurdish state in the northernmost reaches of iraq, the pkk has. The kurdish people within iraq have grappled with various political statuses over their history. Statements from sources are used in the report and all statements are referenced. How iraqs kurdish independence referendum could impact.
Kurdistan regional government krg after it conducted a referendum on september 25 to demand independence from iraq. The security situation in the contested areas of iraq august 2014 pdf uk country of origin information coi report civil unrest in 2011 aug. Kurdish regional and iraqi federal constitution concerning oil and gas. Located in northern iraq between iran and turkey, iraqi kurdistan is a semiautonomous region often described as the other iraq. As a result, the question of whether iraqi kurdistan may someday become a. It was endorsed when the kurdish parliament reconvened on october 5, 2002, by which time the kurds and other. This report was written according to the easo coi report methodology. This was the outcome of decades of political and military. The new iraqi constitution, adopted by a national referendum on 15 october 2005, recognizes kurdistan as a federal region with its own institutions regional. Iraqs kurdish provinces plan to vote in a referendum on independence on sept. Despite reporting that the independence referendum would be nonbinding, the autonomous kurdistan regional government krg characterised it as binding, although they claimed that. Pdf english language teaching in the kurdistan region of. If the kurdish region of northern iraq were to declare its independence, the move would create political and economic problems. We then played a key role in drafting the 2005 iraq constitution, which almost 80 percent of the population voted to.
Already in iraq, kurdish regions, which have bene ted from saddam hussein s overthrow, have consolidated themselves into a federal region. Kurdish regional president massoud barzani has been in an extended political dispute with prime minister nouri almaliki over the distribution of power within the. On 1 july 2014, massud barzani announced that iraq s kurds will hold an independence referendum within months. Eprs iraqi kurdistans independence referendum members research service page 3 of 8 yet been ratified by a popular vote. Small arms documented in northern syria s contd two chinese pkmpattern m80 7. Since the iraqi army is forbidden by iraqi law to enter kurdistan region, the peshmerga, along with their security subsidiaries, are responsible for the security of kurdistan region. Soon after the 2003 invasion of iraq, protests started reoccuring in the kri. Kurdish national movement s to protect the kurdish cult ure and to dev elop its political rights in iraq. Cooperation between the kurdistan regional government of iraq krg and the united states has for years provided advantages on several lines of effort by coalition forces.
Republic of iraq united states department of justice. Iraqi kurdistans regional elections test a brittle status. The kurds make up the fourthlargest ethnic group in the middle east, but they have never formed a permanent nation state. It is mainly spoken in those parts of iran, iraq, syria and turkey which comprise kurdistan.
The kurdish political problem, as a part of iraq, has been going on for over hundred years. The kurds as parties to and victims of conflicts in iraq icrc. Kurdish regional go vernment, ministry of natural resource s the steady increase in oil output is all the more sig nificant by reason of the difficulties in accessing the national export. Although challenged by damage to our society and infrastructure from years of war, genocide, forced displacement, and the destruction of more than 4,000 villages at the hand of the previous iraqi. The area surrounding the kirkuk oil field houses many different regional peoples, including arab, kurdish, and turkoman communities, the latter of which historically represented roughly 8% of iraq. Pdf the state of the kurdish regional government in iraq. An inside story david pollock a trip to the krg composed of the irbil, dahuk, and sulaymaniya provinces in northern iraq, with a mostly kurdish population of approximately 4 millionis a study in political relativism.
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